What Were King Louis Xvi and His Family Forced to Do as a Result of the March

22.4.4: Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette's Attempts to Escape

The Flight to Varennes, or the royal family's unsuccessful escape from Paris during the night of June xx-21, 1791, undermined the credibility of the rex equally a ramble monarch and eventually led to the escalation of the crisis and the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Learning Objective

Analyze the consequences of the royal family's attempted escapes

Key Points

• Following the Women's March on Versailles, the imperial family was forced to return to Paris. They remained virtual prisoners in the Tuileries, the official residence of the king. Louis XVI became emotionally paralyzed, leaving most important decisions to the queen. At her insistence, Louis committed himself and his family unit to a disastrous endeavor of escape from the capital letter to the eastern frontier on June 21, 1791.
• Due to the cumulative effect of a host of errors that in and of themselves would not take condemned the mission to failure, the royal family unit was thwarted in its escape later on Jean-Baptiste Drouet, the postmaster of Sainte-Menehould, recognized the male monarch from his portrait. The king and his family were somewhen arrested in the boondocks of Varennes, 31 miles from their ultimate destination, the heavily fortified royalist citadel of Montmédy.
• The intended goal of the unsuccessful flight was to provide the rex with greater liberty of action and personal security than was possible in Paris. At Montmédy, General François Claude de Bouillé concentrated a force of 10,000 regulars of the old royal army who were still considered loyal to the monarchy. The long-term political objectives of the royal couple and their closest directorate remain unclear.
• The credibility of the king as a constitutional monarch had been seriously undermined. Withal, on July 15, 1791 the National Elective Associates agreed that he could be restored to power if he agreed to the constitution, although some factions opposed the proposal. The decision led to the Champ de Mars Massacre two days later.
• From the autumn of 1791 on, the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the dubious prospects of strange intervention. Prompted by Marie Antoinette, Louis rejected the advice of the moderate constitutionalists, led by Antoine Barnave, to fully implement the Constitution of 1791 he had sworn to maintain.
• The outbreak of the war with Republic of austria in April 1792 and the publication of the Brunswick Manifesto led to the storming of the Tuileries by Parisian radicals on August 10, 1792. This assail led in turn to the pause of the king'south powers by the Legislative Assembly and the annunciation of the Commencement French republic on September 21. Some republicans chosen for the king'due south deposition, others for his trial for alleged treason and intended revolt to the enemies of the French nation. Bedevilled, Louis was sent to the guillotine on January 21, 1793. Ix months afterward, Marie Antoinette was also convicted of treason and beheaded on October 16.

Primal Terms

Flight to Varennes

An unsuccessful try to escape Paris by Male monarch Louis XVI of France, his married woman Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family during the night of June twenty-21, 1791 to initiate a counter-revolution at the head of loyal troops under royalist officers concentrated at Montmédy near the frontier. They escaped merely as far as the small boondocks of Varennes, where they were arrested after having been recognized at their previous stop in Sainte-Menehould.

Brunswick Manifesto

A declaration issued on July 25, 1792, by Charles William Ferdinand, Knuckles of Brunswick, commander of the Allied Army (principally Austrian and Prussian) to the population of Paris during the State of war of the First Coalition. It threatened that if the French royal family were harmed, then French civilians would be harmed. It was a measure intended to intimidate Paris, simply instead, it helped further spur the increasingly radical French Revolution.

Gnaw de Mars Massacre

A massacre that took place on July 17, 1791, in Paris in the midst of the French Revolution. Two days before, the National Constituent Assembly issued a decree that Louis XVI would remain king nether a constitutional monarchy. This decision came afterwards King Louis XVI and his family unsuccessfully tried to flee French republic in the Flight to Varennes the month before. Later that twenty-four hour period, leaders of the republicans in French republic rallied against this conclusion, eventually leading royalist Lafayette to guild the massacre.

March on Versailles

A march on October 5, 1789, during the French Revolution amongst women in the marketplaces of Paris who were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread. Their demonstrations quickly became intertwined with the activities of revolutionaries, who were seeking liberal political reforms and a constitutional monarchy for France. The market place women and their various allies grew into a crowd of thousands. Encouraged by revolutionary agitators, they ransacked the metropolis armory for weapons and marched to the Palace of Versailles.

Flight to Varennes

Following the Women's March on Versailles, the royal family was forced to return to Paris. Louis XVI attempted to work inside the framework of his limited powers but won little back up. He and the regal family unit remained virtual prisoners in the Tuileries, a royal and purple palace in Paris that served as the residence of most French monarchs. For the next two years, the palace remained the official residence of the king.

Louis Xvi became emotionally paralyzed, leaving most important decisions to the queen. Prodded by the queen, Louis committed the family to a disastrous escape endeavor from the capital to the eastern frontier on June 21, 1791. With the dauphin's governess the Marquise de Tourzel taking on the part of a Russian baroness, the queen pretending to be a governess, the king's sis, Madame Élisabeth a nurse, the king a valet, and the regal children the declared baroness' daughters, the royal family made their escape leaving the Tuileries around midnight. The escape was largely planned by the queen's favorite, the Swedish Count Axel von Fersenand the Baron de Breteuil, who had garnered support from Swedish Male monarch Gustavus III. Fersen had urged the utilize of two light carriages, which would have made the 200-mile journey to Montmédy relatively quickly. However this would have involved splitting up the purple family and Louis and Marie-Antoinette decided on the utilize of a heavy, conspicuous coach drawn by six horses.

Due to the cumulative outcome of a host of errors, which in and of themselves would not accept condemned the mission to failure, the royal family was thwarted in its escape afterward Jean-Baptiste Drouet, the postmaster of Sainte-Menehould, recognized the king from his portrait. The rex and his family unit were eventually arrested in the boondocks of Varennes, 31 miles from their ultimate destination, the heavily fortified royalist citadel of Montmédy.

The arrest of Louis Sixteen and his family unit at the house of the registrar of passports, at Varennes in June 1791by Thomas Falcon Marshall.

The king's flight was traumatic for France. The realization that the king had effectually repudiated the revolutionary reforms made to that betoken came equally a daze to people who until then had seen him every bit a fundamentally decent rex who governed every bit a manifestation of God's will. They felt betrayed. Republicanism outburst out of the coffeehouses and became the dominant ideal of revolutionary leaders.

The Question of Goals

The intended goal of the unsuccessful flight was to provide the male monarch with greater freedom of action and personal security than was possible in Paris. At Montmédy, General François Claude de Bouillé concentrated a force of 10,000 regulars of the old royal regular army who were notwithstanding considered loyal to the monarchy. The long-term political objectives of the purple couple and their closest advisers remain unclear. A detailed document entitled Proclamation to the French People prepared by Louis for presentation to the National Assembly and left behind in the Tuileries indicates that his personal goal was a render to the concessions and compromises independent in the declaration of the Third Manor in June 1789, immediately prior to the outbreak of violence in Paris and the storming of the Guardhouse. Individual correspondence from Marie Antoinette takes a more reactionary line of restoration of the old monarchy without concessions, although referring to pardons for all but the revolutionary leadership and the city of Paris.

The Champ de Mars Massacre

When the royal family unit finally returned nether guard to Paris, the revolutionary oversupply met the purple carriage with uncharacteristic silence and the royal family was again confined to the Tuileries Palace. From this betoken forrard, the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. The brownie of the king as a constitutional monarch had been seriously undermined. However, on July 15, 1791, the National Constituent Assembly agreed that the king could be restored to power if he agreed to the constitution, although some factions opposed the proposal.

Later that day, Jacques Pierre Brissot, editor and main writer of Le Patriote français and president of the Comité des Recherches of Paris, drew up a petition enervating the removal of the rex. A crowd of 50,000 people gathered at the Gnaw de Mars on July 17 to sign the petition, and virtually vi,000 had already signed. But earlier that day, 2 suspicious people hidigg at the Champ de Mars were hanged by those who institute them. Jean Sylvain Bailly, the mayor of Paris, used this incident to declare martial police force. The Marquis de Lafayette and the National Baby-sit, which was under his command, were temporarily able to disperse the crowd merely even more than people returned later on that afternoon. Lafayette once again tried to disperse the crowd, who in response threw stones at the National Guard. After firing unsuccessful warning shots, the National Baby-sit opened fire straight on the crowd, an event known every bit the Gnaw de Mars Massacre.The exact numbers of dead and wounded are unknown; estimates range from 12 to 50 dead.

Execution of Louis and Marie Antoinette

From the autumn of 1791 on, the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the dubious prospects of foreign intervention. Prompted by Marie Antoinette, Louis rejected the advice of the moderate constitutionalists, led past Antoine Barnave, to fully implement the Constitution of 1791 he had sworn to maintain. He instead secretly committed himself to covert counter-revolution. At the same time, the rex's failed escape attempt alarmed many other European monarchs, who feared that the revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries and result in instability outside France. Relations betwixt France and its neighbors, already strained because of the revolution, deteriorated fifty-fifty farther, with some foreign ministries calling for war confronting the revolutionary government.

The outbreak of the war with Austria in Apr 1792 and the publication of the Brunswick Manifesto led to the storming of the Tuileries by Parisian radicals on August x, 1792. This assault led in turn to the suspension of the king's powers by the Legislative Associates and the announcement of the Get-go French republic on September 21. In Nov, proof of Louis XVI'southward dealings with the deceased revolutionary politician Mirabeau and of his counterrevolutionary intrigues with foreigners was plant in a secret iron chest in the Tuileries. It was now no longer possible to pretend that the reforms of the French Revolution had been fabricated with the free consent of the king. Some republicans called for his deposition, others for his trial for alleged treason and intended defection to the enemies of the French nation. On December 3, it was decided that Louis Xvi, who together with his family had been imprisoned since Baronial, should be brought to trial for treason. He appeared twice earlier the National Convention. Bedevilled, Louis was sent to the guillotine on January 21, 1793. Nine months later, Marie Antoinette was also bedevilled of treason and beheaded on October sixteen.

Attributions

• Louis Xvi and Marie-Antoinette's Attempts to Escape

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